Dissimulation of the faith was widespread among Babis and Bahais
until the early years of the ministry of Shoghi Effendi (1921-57), when
he, in a number of messages starting in 1927, prohibited its practice.
On different occasions the Bāb had advocated the time-honored
practice among his followers (Nabil, pp. 44, 65, 373; Amanat, pp.
200-201). Due to the persecution of his adherents, Bahāʾ-Allāh also
advocated dissimulation of the faith in a number of his scriptural
writings. In a tablet produced after the execution of Badīʿ, his
messenger to Nāṣer-al-Din Shah, Bahāʾ-Allāh ordained
taqiya (
amr-e taqiya nāzel) and advised his followers to restrain from confessing their faith (
amr be ʿadam-e eqrār ṣāder), in order to protect and preserve them. Besides
taqiya, the terms
setr (concealment),
ḥejāb (veil) and
ḥekmat
(wisdom) are also used in this context as synonyms for dissimulation
(Fāżel Māzandarāni, III, pp. 118-19). The order to practice taqiya is
also confirmed in a similar tablet in reply to questions raised by the
Bahais of Māzandarān. As in the aforementioned tablet, Bahāʾ-Allāh
reiterates a Tradition of Imam
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq, who reportedly had said
: “taqiya is my religion and the religion of my forefathers,” and urged his followers to conceal their faith:
ḥokm-e setr nāzel (
Payām-e Bahāʾi 307, June 2005, pp. 43-44).
Taqiya was practiced by Bahais during this period as a matter of
course. Many traveled in disguise, prayed as Muslims, and were often
not aware of the identities of their co-religionists. This practice
continued unabatedly during the ministry of ʿAbd-al-Bahāʾ (1892-1921).
Bahāʾ-Allāh and ʿAbd-al-Bahāʾ, as well as their intimate companions,
were generally regarded to be Muslims, even among resident Europeans. To
the German Templers, who had come at the same time as Bahāʾ-Allāh to
Palestine expecting the near advent of Christ and who lived as close
neighbors of the Bahais in Haifa, both ʿAbd-al-Bahāʾ and his father had
“remained Muhammedans” (Lange, p. 12). In only very rare cases were
they perceived to be propounders of a new religion. They kept to Muslim
traditions and rites, prayed in the mosque, and fasted during Ramadan
(Fāżel Māzandarāni, III, p. 118). ʿAbd-al-Bahāʾ himself urged his
followers on different occasions to practice
ḥekmat and abide by taqiya:
ʿalaykom be’t-taqiyya (ʿAbd-al-Bahāʾ, pp. 325-27).
The first notion of a prohibition in regard to dissimulation seems to
be contained in a letter of Shoghi Effendi to the National Spiritual
Assembly of the Bahais in Iran, dated 9 November 1927. In it Shoghi
Effendi mentions a telegram sent by him recently to the same assembly
urging all Bahais wishing to apply for identity certificates and
passports not to practice dissimulation (
ketmān) any longer,
but start to admit their faith openly and courageously, without fear and
anxiety. In another letter dated 23 April 1934, Shoghi Effendi
expounds that, whereas
ḥekmat and taqiya had guaranteed
security for the persecuted Bahais of the East and had been the only
means for the preservation and protection of their religion,
dissimulation (
taqiya and
ketmān) should now be
regarded as a cause of disdain and debilitation and ought to be
practiced no more (Eshrāq Ḵāvari, pp. 456 ff.). Today dissimulation is
regarded as contradictory to the teachings of the Bahai Faith, and its
practice is strictly prohibited to Bahais.
Bibliography:
ʿAbd-al-Bahāʾ,
Makātib III, ed. Faraj-Allāh Ḏaki, Egypt, 1921.
Abbas Amanat,
Resurrection and Renewal: The Making of the Babi Movement in Iran 1844-1850, London, 1989.
Kamran Ekbal: “Taqiyya und kitmān in den Bābī und Bahāʾī Religionen,”
Akten des 27. Deutschen Orientalistentages (Bonn - 28. September bis 2. Oktober 1998):
Norm und Abweichung, ed. Stefan Wild and Hartmut Schild, Würzburg, 2001, pp. 363-72.
ʿAbd-al-Ḥamid Ešrāq Ḵāvari, ed.,
Ganjina-ye ḥodud va aḥkām: esteḵrāj az alwāḥ-e mobāraka dar bāra-ye diānat-e Bahāʾi, New Delhi, 1980.
Fāżel Māzandarāni, ed.,
Amr va ḵalq III, Hofheim-Langenhain, 1986.
Friedrich Lange, “Aus Palästina,” in
Die Warte des Tempels 78/3, February 1922.
Susan Stiles Maneck: “Wisdom and Dissimulation: The Use and Meaning of Hikmat in the Baháʾí Writings and History,” in
Baháʾí Studies Review 6, 1996.
Nabil Zarandi:
The Dawn-Breakers: Nabil’s Narrative of the Early Days of the Baháʾí Revelation, tr. Shoghi Effendi, London, 1975.
(Kamran Ekbal)
Source :
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/taqiya-ii-among-babis-and-bahais